Disinformation has been wide-ranging, with the dissemination of false, misleading or unsubstantiated information on both sides in the conflict.[1] Much of the content has been viral in nature, with tens of millions of posts in circulation on social media. Some misinformation has also been widely distributed in mainstream media and repeated by heads of state.

Disinformation about the attacks

On Israel

A photograph was released appearing to show Major General Nimrod Aloni, the commander of the IDF Depth Corps, being held by Palestinians in the early hours of the attack. Hamas also claimed to have captured him.[2] A Persian language post by the IDF quoted a post about his capture from Tasnim News Agency and wrote "Tasnim: Distributors of fake news of IRGC" without either denying or confirming the capture of Aloni.[3][4] Aloni was subsequently seen on 8 October attending a meeting of top Israeli military officials.[5]

Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting published images of the capture of commanders of Nagorno-Karabakh by the Azerbaijani army in September 2023 as the capture of Israeli commanders by Hamas.[6][7][8]

A video of a CNN broadcast from near the Israel-Gaza border[9] with audio added to suggest the network had faked an attack went viral on social media.[10][11]

Social media accounts based in India have spread pro-Israeli disinformation, with influencers misrepresenting videos purported to show school girls taken as sex slaves, or Hamas kidnapping a Jewish baby. Fact-checker Pratik Sinha said the "Indian right-wing has made India the disinformation capital of the world".[12] The trend forms part of a wider pattern of fake news in India with an Islamophobic slant, including disinformation on Palestinians coming from the BJP IT Cell, a vehicle of India's governing party, the BJP.[12]

An Israeli boy and his sisters killed during Hamas's attack on Kibbutz Nir Oz on 7 October have been falsely accused of being "crisis actors".[13]

A photo shared by Israel showing the charred corpse of a baby was claimed by many on social media to have been AI-generated, based on AI detector "AI or Not". The claim was repeated by Al Jazeera Arabic. The company behind "AI or Not" later said that the result was a false positive caused by the image's compression and blurred name tag; several experts who looked at the photo found it to be genuine. Other social media users claimed, based on a 4chan post, that the image had been altered from a similar photo of a dog, though researcher Tina Nikoukhah found that the dog picture was likely "falsified using generative methods".[14][15][16]

In a speech to the Republican Jewish Coalition on 28 October, Eli Beer, founder of an Israeli EMS organization, claimed that Hamas had burned a baby alive in an oven. The claim was repeated by journalist Dovid Efune, John Podhoretz and others, in tweets seen over 10 million times. Israeli journalists found no evidence for the claim, and a representative of ZAKA, a first responder organization, said the claim was "false". French newspaper Libération said the claim was likely "entirely fictitious".[17]

On Gaza

Viral claims that the IDF had destroyed Gaza's Church of Saint Porphyrius on 9 October were debunked by the church.[18][19] However, Israel attacked the church on 19 October killing 18 civilians.[20]

Disinformation experts uncovered an account on X that published false reports about Qatar threatening to cut off its gas exports if Israel continued to bombard the Gaza Strip.[21]

Following the Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion, an X account claiming to be an Al Jazeera journalist said they had video of a "Hamas missile landing in the hospital". Al Jazeera subsequently clarified that they were not associated with the account, and it was later removed.[22] Another X account that promoted pro-Kremlin misinformation claimed The Wall Street Journal had reported that the explosion was caused by a Mark 84 bomb; The Wall Street Journal had not published such a report.[23][24]

Video evidence of atrocities in Gaza has been frequently dismissed as acting, and people falsely accused of "crisis actors", in order to downplay the killing of civilians by Israeli airstrikes. A derogatory and dismissive phrase, "Pallywood" is often used; the term is based on an unfounded fringe conspiracy theory that Palestinians are falsifying evidence of suffering and mention of the term has increased since October 7, particularly in Israel, the USA, and India.[25][26] Evidence that was falsely used to "prove" Palestinians were crisis actors include a video of body bags which appear to be moving, which was instead a video of a 2013 protest in Egypt.[26] A video showing a Palestinian child killed during an October 11 Israeli airstrike on Zeitoun has been falsely claimed to be staged using a doll. The claim has been promoted by official Israeli government social media accounts, including the X accounts of Israel's embassies in France and Austria, as well as pro-Israel and anti-Hamas accounts.[13][25]

Saleh Al Jafarawi, a Palestinian blogger and singer who lives in Gaza, was falsely accused by several Israeli figures, including the country's official Twitter account, of being a "crisis actor" in a smear campaign. This included video of a Palestinian teenager wounded in a raid on Tulkarm in July of 2023, who was falsely presented as "Saleh in a hospital days before October 27".[27]

In November 2023, Israeli diplomat Ofir Gendelman circulated a clip from a Lebanese short film, claiming that it was proof that Palestinians were faking videos, and calling it an example of "Pallywood".[28] The disinformation was quickly called out on social media.[28] According to The Daily Beast, "Gendelman is a repeat offender when it comes to peddling misinformation about Palestinians".[28] The previous week, Gendelman peddled IDF training videos as war footage, and in 2021, he was found by international media to have misrepresented 2018 footage from Syria as current footage from Gaza.[28]

In November 2023 a video posted by the IDF showed Daniel Hagari, inside the Al-Rantisi Children's Hospital, where he claimed that the IDF had found Hamas weapons and technology, as well as a "list of terrorist names" in Arabic with the title "Operation Al-Aqsa Flood", showing each agents' rota guarding the hostages. However, a translation of the document showed that it contained no names but instead a calendar of the days of the week.[29] After the questioning of the veracity of the claim, an Israeli spokesperson backtracted, but CNN while removing the segment did not provide an editors note acknowledging the change or the dispute over the initial video.[30]

Disinformation campaigns

A fake memo that purported to show Biden authorizing $8 billion in aid to Israel circulated on social media[31][32] and was cited in articles by Indian news outlets Firstpost and Oneindia.[32]

According to information security experts interviewed by the New York Times, Iran, Russia, China, Iran's proxies, Al Qaeda and the Islamic State have been conducting massive online disinformation efforts focused on "[undercutting] Israel, while denigrating Israel's principal ally, the United States".[33] Researchers have documented at least 40,000 bots or fake social media accounts, as well as strategic use of state-controlled media outlets like RT, Sputnik and Tasnim.[33]

Israel has released several pieces of incorrect or disputed information, leading to weakened credibility and online ridicule.[34]

Israeli government accounts have widely shared the website hamas.com claiming that it belongs to the armed group, it was soon found out that the domain was purchased from Wix.com, an Israeli company, it was purchased recently and its completely in English, BBC Verify confirmed that its a fake website. The website shows graphic videos of the October 7th attacks, "Hamas testimonials," statistics on Israeli casualties from the attack, including the uncorfirmed claim of 41 babies murdered and burned alive, and a link for donations.[35] After questions by Ynet, David Saranga, head of the Digital Diplomacy Division at the Israeli Foreign Ministry, said that "The decision to purchase the domain supposedly belonging to Hamas is a sophisticated way to confront those who sympathize with Hamas and justify its atrocities."[36] [37]

Fake videos

Videos falsely linked to the war included a video of children in cages posted on 4 October,[38][39] footage from 2020 of Iranian lawmakers chanting "Death to America",[40][41] and in Egypt, photos of the Cairo Tower appearing to be lit with the Palestinian flag spread on social media, which turned out to be a modified version of the tower in 2010.[42] Footage from video game Arma 3 has been presented as war footage.[43][44][45]

On October 8, a video supposedly of Hamas thanking Ukraine for supplying them was shared by an X account linked to the Wagner Group. It was viewed over 300,000 times and shared by American far-right accounts. The next day, former Russian president Dmitry Medvedev tweeted, "Well, Nato buddies, you've really got it, haven't you? The weapons handed to the Nazi regime in Ukraine are now being actively used against Israel."[46][47][48]

Social media users on both sides of the war shared behind-the-scenes footage of an actor lying in fake blood from a 2022 Palestinian short film, alleging it was evidence that the other side was creating propaganda.[49][50][46] A video of Egyptian paratroopers flying over the Egyptian Military Academy that was falsely claimed to show Hamas militants infiltrating an Israeli music festival went viral on X in Indonesia.[51]

Indian Twitter accounts spread an out-of-context video claimed to represent "dozens of young girls taken as sex slaves by a 'Palestinian' fighter", which was instead actually probably a school trip to Jerusalem. Another clip primarily shared by Indian users was purported to depict a kidnapped baby; however, the video was taken a month earlier and had nothing to do with Gaza.[12]

In November 2023 a video went viral appearing to show a nurse at the Al Shifa hospital claiming that she was unable to treat patients because Hamas had taken over the entire hospital and were stealing fuel and medicine, with the video ending with her pleading for all Palestinians to leave Al Shifa. Many were quick to point out the falsehood in the video, as none of the documented doctors and nurses at the hospital recognize the woman depicted, and a reported Israeli accent and inability to speak clear Arabic.[52][53]

Role of social media platforms

Disinformation about the war has spread on social media platforms, particularly X (formerly known as Twitter).[54][55][56][57][58] The European Union warned Elon Musk and Mark Zuckerberg that X and Meta were hosting disinformation and illegal content about the war, with potential fines of up to 6% of the companies' global revenue according to the Digital Services Act.[59][60][61][62]

In response to the reports, X's CEO Linda Yaccarino told EU internal market commissioner Thierry Breton that it had "taken action to remove or label tens of thousands of pieces of content" and removed hundreds of accounts linked to Hamas.[63]

According to NewsGuard, "at least 14 false claims related to the war garnered 22 million views across X, TikTok, and Instagram within three days of the Hamas attack".[64] On 13 October, the EU opened an investigation into X about the spread of disinformation and terrorist content related to the war.[65][66]

On 14 October, Center for Countering Digital Hate CEO Imran Ahmed said his group was tracking a spike in efforts to push false information about the war, adding that U.S. adversaries, extremists, Internet trolls and engagement farmers were exploiting the war for their own gain. Graham Brookie, senior director of the Atlantic Council's Digital Forensic Research Lab, said that his team had witnessed a surge in terrorist propaganda, graphic content, false or misleading claims and hate speech, with much of the content being circulated on Telegram.[67] Cyabra, an Israel-based company that analyses social media, said that one in five accounts taking part in conversations about Hamas' attacks were fake, saying adding that they had found approximately 40,000 such accounts on X and TikTok.[68]

According to the New York Times, many images and videos that circulate on social media pretending to be from the Israel–Hamas war are in fact from other conflicts, such as the Syrian civil war; and even of natural disasters, such as a recent flood in Tajikistan.[69]

X (formerly Twitter)

On 9 October, X said there were more than 50 million posts on the platform about the conflict.[70] Musk recommended two accounts that previously promoted a false claim about an explosion near the Pentagon for updates about the war.[71][55]

On 10 October, researchers found that a network of 67 X accounts was coordinating a campaign of pushing false information about the war.[72]

According to Wired, the community fact-checking system of X, Community Notes, has in some instances contributed to the spread of disinformation instead of correcting it. Wired cited an incident where a video uploaded by Donald Trump Jr. of Hamas shooting at Israelis was inaccurately tagged as a false video from several years ago as an example of the unreliability of Community Notes.[73] Fake accounts pretending to be a BBC journalist and The Jerusalem Post promoted false information about the war prior to X suspending them.[74][58]

On 12 October, the Technology Transparency Project reported that Hamas was using premium accounts on X to push propaganda.[75][76] X said it has banned Hamas and removed hundreds of accounts affiliated with Hamas.[77]

On 13 October, on The World radio program, Rebecca Rosman reported that disinformation on X was being monetized by paid-verified users with "new-content" recommendation preference, resulting in millions of views.[78]

According to a report by NewsGuard on 19 October, verified users on X were behind 74% of the 250 most-engaged posts between 7 and 14 October that promoted false or unsubstantiated information about the war. NewsGuard also found that only 79 of the 250 posts were flagged by Community Notes.[79][80][81][82][83]

On October 28, commentator Jackson Hinkle posted on X that Haaretz had reported that the Israeli government inflated the death toll for the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel. Haaretz stated that Hinkle's post "contain[ed] blatant lies" and was not substantiated by their reporting on the attack.[84] Hinkle also claimed that the image of a Jewish baby burned alive by Hamas on October 7 "was created by artificial intelligence." Subsequently, he was deplatformed from YouTube.[85][86][87]

Syrian Youtuber Maram Susli claimed that footage showed Israeli military helicopters firing on Israelis escaping the October 7 massacre at the supernova festival, carried by Hamas. However, footage resulted to be from Israeli attacks on Hamas positions in Gaza three days later.[88] She also posted a photograph of a woman carrying a child's toy car down the stairs of a largely destroyed building suggesting it was Gaza after Israeli attacks. The picture was actually an award-winning photograph taken in Homs during the Syrian civil war.[89]

TikTok

On 12 October, the EU warned TikTok about illegal content and disinformation on its platform.[90][91] On 15 October, TikTok said it had taken action to remove "violative content and accounts".[92] It also said it had established a command center for the conflict, updated its automated detection systems to detect violent content and added moderators who speak Arabic and Hebrew.[92][93][94] A TikTok video promoting conspiracy theories about the origins of Hamas's attack was viewed over 300,000 times.[94]

By mid November 2023, Republican Representative Mike Gallagher had claimed that TikTok was "intentionally brainwashing" American youth into supporting Hamas, citing the spike in pro-Palestinian content following the outbreak of hostilities between Israel and Hamas. In response to criticism, TikTok issued a press release on 20 November asserting that younger Americans particularly Millennials and Generation Z tended to be more sympathetic to Palestine than Israel, citing Gallup polling data dating back to 2010. TikTok also claimed that its algorithm did not take sides but operated in a positive feedback loop based on user engagement. The company also denied favouring "one side of an issue over another" or intentionally promoting pro-Palestinian hashtags such as "#freepalestine," which had attracted 25.5 billion views by November 14. By comparison, the "#standwithisrael" had attracted 440.4 million views. TikTok's press release also stated that it had removed 925,000 videos related to the conflict for violating community standards including promoting Hamas, had hired moderators fluent in Arabic and Hebrew to parse content, and begun removing fake accounts created in response to the Israel-Hamas conflict.[95]

Telegram

The Al-Qassam Brigades, Hamas's military wing, had around 200,000 followers on Telegram at the time of Hamas's attack. According to the Digital Forensic Research Lab, its following has tripled since then, with its posts being viewed over 300,000 times.[77][96] The Digital Forensic Research Lab found that Hamas relies on Telegram to send statements to its supporters.[96]

According to political analyst and researcher Arieh Kovler, many Israelis follow official-sounding Telegram channels that share out-of-context videos and unverified rumors.[96]

In a statement, Telegram said it was "evaluating the best approaches and... soliciting input from a wide range of third parties" and that it wished to be "careful not to exacerbate the already dire situation by any rush actions".[96]

See also

References

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  3. ↑ @IDFFarsi (7 October 2023). تسنیم: توزیع کنندگان اخبار جعلی سپاه پاسداران [Tasnim: Distributors of fake news of IRGC] (Tweet) (in Persian). Retrieved 8 October 2023 – via Twitter.
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